Table 1 Comparison of echocardiography-directed management (ECDM) and control groups at baseline

GA (week)

31.40

3.08

37.52

2.12

6.12

5.40 to 6.84

 < 0.0001

BW (kg)

1.47

0.52

2.71

0.69

1.24

1.04 to 1.44

 < 0.0001

HR (bpm)

144.06

18.75

133.19

14.93

 − 10.87

 − 15.71 to − 6.03

 < 0.0001

LVOT (cm²)

0.35

0.05

0.39

0.05

0.05

0.03 to 0.06

 < 0.0001

LVTI

11.48

3.04

11.31

1.48

 − 0.17

 − 0.76 to 0.41

0.559

LVO (ml/kg/min)

422.76

155.26

227.97

50.52

 − 194.79

 − 220.42 to − 169.17

 < 0.0001

RVOT (cm²)

0.36

0.06

0.39

0.05

0.03

0.02 to 0.05

 < 0.0001

RVTI

11.18

3.23

12.18

1.59

0.99

0.37 to 1.62

0.002

RVO (ml/kg/min)

426.28

162.12

245.77

56.21

 − 180.51

 − 207.81 to − 153.22

 < 0.0001

FS (%)

33.71

4.56

33.87

3.23

0.15

 − 0.95 to 1.25

0.784

EF (%)

66.22

7.07

66.05

4.41

 − 0.18

 − 1.75 to 1.40

0.827

TAPSE (cm)

0.69

0.14

0.89

0.12

0.21

0.17 to 0.25

 < 0.0001

MAPSE (cm)

0.45

0.08

0.56

0.06

0.11

0.09 to 0.13

 < 0.0001