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Table 4 Multilevel multiple linear regression analysis of variables associated with the sources of academic stress among adolescents in Qazvin, Iran (n = 1724)

From: Sources of academic stress among Iranian adolescents: a multilevel study from Qazvin City, Iran

Variables

Financial issues

Parents’ involvement

Peer pressure

School regulations

Academic competition

Interaction with teachers

Future uncertainty

Education system

Home life

Total academic stress

School-level

Male gender

0.52

(0.08, 0.93)*

1.31

(0.92, 1.70)***

0.68

(0.160, 1.20)**

− 0.63

(− 1.02, − 0.23)***

− 0.94

(− 1.57, − 0.30)**

− 0.56

(− 1.46, 0.34)

− 0.82

(− 1.73, 0.15)

Secondary educational period

0.71

(0.29, 1.13)**

1.24

(0.76, 1.70)***

− 1.91

(− 2.56, − 1.27)***

0.75

(0.37, 1.13)***

0.99

(0.37, 1.61)**

2.15

(1.27, 3.04)***

1..93

(1.02, 2.80)***

6.15

(2.81, 9.49)***

School type (ref: governmental)

          

Special

− 0.41

(− 0.94, 0.12)

0.85

(0.26, 1.44)**

0.27

(− 0.21, 0.75)

1.98

(0.88, 3.08)***

Private

− 0.14

(− 0.74, 0.45)

  

− 0.63

(− 1.28, 0.01)

− 0.82

(− 1.36, − 0.28)**

0.43

(− 0.77, 1.64)

Individual level

          

Family SES (ref: high)

          

Moderate

0.76

(0.37, 1.16)***

0.48

(0.02, 0.92)*

0.19

(− 1.36, 0.28)

1.01

(0.32, 1.70)**

2.55

(0.03, 5.08)*

Low

1.68

(1.24, 2.11)***

1.12

(0.65, 1.68)***

0.51

(0.16, 0.85)**

2.74

(1.99, 3.49)***

7.27

(4.61, 9.90)***

Father’s education (ref: illiterate )

          

Primary/secondary school

− 0.44

(− 1.83, 0.94)

− 0.83

(− 3.27, 1.59)

High school/diploma

− 0.68

(− 2.06, 0.71)

− 1.22

(− 3.67, 1.22)

Bachelor

− 0.90

(− 2.30, 0.49)

− 0.82

(− 3.29, 1.65)

Masters/Ph.D

− 1.00

(− 2.43, 0.43)

− 1.52

(− 4.05, 0.99)

  1. SES socioeconomic status)
  2. *p < 0.05
  3. **p < 0.01
  4. ***p < 0.001