Table 3 Multilevel bivariate linear regression analysis of variables associated with the sources of academic stress among adolescents in Qazvin City, Iran (n = 1724)

Sex

Female

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Male

0.37

(− 0.17, 0.91)

1.31

(0.92, 1.71)^***

0.65

(0.13, 1.15)^*

0.02

(− 0.64, 0.69)

− 0.31

(− 1.18, 0.56)

− 0.73

(− 1.22, 0.23)^**

− 1.07

(− 1.74, 0.39)^**

− 0.79

(− 1.95, 0.37)

− 1.13

(− 2.23, − 0.04)^*

− 1.64

(− 5.48, 2.19)

Educational period

First

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Secondary

0.65

(0.13, 1.15)^*

− 0.18

(− 0.68, 0.32)

− 0.01

(− 0.53, 0.52)

1.25

(0.73, 1.78)^***

− 1.91

(− 2.56, − 1.26)^***

0.8

(0.35, 1.25)^***

1.11

(0.45, 1.77)^**

2.39

(1.42, 3.36)^***

2.01

(1.04, 2.96)^***

6.17

(2.76, 9.58)^***

School type

Governmental

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Special

− 0.81

(− 1.42, − 0.20)^**

− 0.06

(− 0.70, 0.58)

0.13

(− 0.53, 0.78)

1.04

(0.30, 1.78)^**

− 0.49

(− 1.56, 0.57)

0.24

(− 0.34, 0.83)

0.11

(− 0.77, 1.00)

2.24

(0.93, 3.55)^**

− 0.54

(− 1.92, 0.84)

1.87

(− 2.78, 6.52)

Private

− 0.94

(− 1.61, − 0.28)^**

− 0.01

(− 0.72, 0.68)

0.001

(− 0.72, 0.72)

− 0.53

(− 1.33, 0.27)

− 0.06

(− 1.22, 1.11)

− 0.97

(− 1.60, − 0.33)^**

0.08

(− 0.89, 1.06)

0.55

(− 0.88, 1.98)

− 0.57

(− 2.06, 0.92)

− 2.52

(− 7.59, 2.55)

Socioeconomic status

Rich

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Mild

0.84

(0.45, 1.22)^***

− 0.11

(− 0.49, 0.26)

0.5

(0.04, 0.95)^*

− 0.31

(− 0.69, 0.06)

0.12

(− 0.43, 0.66)

0.24

(− 0.08, 0.56)

0.28

(− 0.30, 0.85)

− 0.09

(− 0.83, 0.64)

1.06

(0.37, 1.74)^**

2.53

(− 0.06, 5.06)

Poor

1.85

(1.45, 2.25)^***

0.08

(− 0.31, 0.47)

1.12

(0.65, 0.95)^***

− 0.38

(− 0.78, 0.02)

0.39

(− 0.18, 0.97)

0.6

(0.26, 0.94)^**

0.41

(− 0.19, 0.01)

0.32

(− 0.46, 1.10)

2.88

(2.16, 3.61)^***

7.27

(4.59, 9.95)^***

Fathers education

Illiterate

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Primary school/middle school

− 0.63

(− 2.04, − 0.77)

0.38

(− 0.95, 1.73)

− 0.66

(− 2.31, 0.98)

0.65

(− 0.69, 1.98)

0.65

(− 1.29, 2.59)

− 0.38

(− 1.52, 0.76)

0.94

(− 1.12, 3.00)

− 0.64

(− 0.27, 1.99)

− 1.23

(− 3.70, 1.23)

− 0.94

(− 10.06, 8.19)

High school/diploma

− 1.14

(− 2.55, 0.27)

0.36

(− 0.94, 1.73)

− 0.83

(− 2.47, 0.82)

0.75

(− 0.59, 2.09)

0.35

(− 1.59, 2.29)

− 0.056

(− 1.2, 1.08)

0.65

(− 1.41, 2.71)

− 0.56

(− 3.21, 2.08)

− 2.06

(− 4.54, 0.41)

− 2.45

(− 11.6, 6.69)

Bachelor

− 1.51

(− 2.93, − 0.09)^*

0.42

(− 0.93, 1.77)

− 0.85

(− 2.5, 0.80)

1.05

(− 0.29, 2.41)

0.24

(− 1.71, 2.20)

− 0.12

(− 1.27, 1.03)

1.18

(− 0.89, 3.26)

− 0.15

(− 2.81, 2.51)

− 1.93

(− 4.43, 0.56)

− 1.57

(− 10.78, 7.61)

Masters/Ph.D

− 1.74

(− 3.18, − 0.30)^*

0.38

(− 0.99, 1.75)

− 0.92

(− 2.60, 0.76)

1.30

(− 0.07, 2.68)

0.68

(− 1.32, 2.67)

0.10

(− 1.07, 1.28)

1.34

(− 0.77, 3.45)

0.44

(− 2.28, 3.15)

− 2.87

(− 5.42, 0.32)^*

− 1.20

(− 10.59, 8.19)