Table 1 The factors associated with under-five cognitive development using Chi-square test
Variable | n | Cognitive development | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Optimal (64.3%) | Sub-optimal (35.7%) | |||
Stunting status | < 0.001* | |||
 Stunted | 1914 | 1141 (59.6) | 773 (40.4) |  |
 Not stunted | 4102 | 2765 (67.4) | 1337 (32.6) |  |
Underweight status | < 0.001* | |||
 Underweight | 962 | 562 (58.4) | 400 (41.6) |  |
 Not underweight | 5068 | 3347 (66.0) | 1721 (34.0) |  |
Wasting status | 0.549 | |||
 Wasted | 286 | 179 (62.6) | 107 (37.4) |  |
 Not wasted | 5962 | 3835 (64.3) | 2127 (35.7) |  |
Duration child was breastfed | 0.761 | |||
 < 12 months | 956 | 600 (62.8) | 356 (37.2) |  |
 12 months + | 825 | 512 (62.1) | 313 (37.9) |  |
Birth weight (kg) (mean ± standard)® | 3920 | 3.1 ± 0.6 (n = 2755) | 3.1 ± 0.6 (n = 1165) | 0.497 |
Place of residence | < 0.001* | |||
 Urban | 2547 | 1737 (68.2) | 810 (31.8) |  |
 Rural | 4026 | 2487 (61.8) | 1539 (38.2) |  |
Region | < 0.001* | |||
 Alibori | 822 | 388 (47.2) | 434 (52.8) |  |
 Atacora | 581 | 389 (67.0) | 192 (33.0) |  |
 Atlantic | 623 | 501 (80.4) | 122 (19.6) |  |
 Borgou | 903 | 410 (45.4) | 493 (54.6) |  |
 Collines | 532 | 367 (69.0) | 165 (31.0) |  |
 Couffo | 443 | 283 (63.9) | 160 (36.1) |  |
 Donga | 457 | 305 (66.7) | 152 (33.3) |  |
 Littoral | 392 | 313 (79.9) | 79 (20.1) |  |
 Mono | 304 | 196 (64.5) | 108 (35.5) |  |
 Oueme | 519 | 420 (80.9) | 99 (19.1) |  |
 Plateau | 386 | 224 (58.0) | 162 (42.0) |  |
 Zou | 611 | 428 (70.0) | 183 (30.0) |  |
Household wealth quintile | < 0.001* | |||
 Poorest | 1530 | 842 (55.0) | 688 (45.0) |  |
 Poorer | 1351 | 844 (62.5) | 507 (37.5) |  |
 Middle | 1297 | 834 (64.3) | 463 (35.7) |  |
 Richer | 1217 | 793 (65.2) | 424 (34.8) |  |
 Richest | 1178 | 911 (77.3) | 267 (22.7) |  |
Birth type | 0.312 | |||
 Singleton | 6328 | 4074 (64.4) | 2254 (35.6) |  |
 Multiple | 245 | 150 (61.2) | 95 (38.8) |  |
Sex of child | 0.741 | |||
 Male | 3387 | 2183 (64.5) | 1204 (35.5) |  |
 Female | 3186 | 2041 (64.1) | 1145 (35.9) |  |
Birth order | < 0.001* | |||
 1st | 826 | 574 (69.5) | 252 (30.5) |  |
 2nd | 1388 | 921 (66.4) | 467 (33.6) |  |
 3rd | 1226 | 800 (65.3) | 426 (34.7) |  |
 4th | 982 | 624 (63.5) | 358 (36.5) |  |
 5th | 738 | 445 (60.3) | 293 (39.7) |  |
 6th + | 1412 | 860 (60.9) | 552 (39.1) |  |
Child lives with whom | 0.212 | |||
 Mother | 6352 | 4089 (64.4) | 2263 (35.6) |  |
 Stays elsewhere | 9 | 4 (44.4) | 5 (55.6) |  |
Preceding birth interval | < 0.001* | |||
 First born | 844 | 586 (69.4) | 258 (30.6) |  |
 < 24 months | 925 | 553 (59.8) | 372 (40.2) |  |
 24–35 months | 2541 | 1650 (64.9) | 891 (35.1) |  |
 36–47 months | 1456 | 903 (62.0) | 553 (38.0) |  |
 48–83 months | 697 | 457 (65.6) | 240 (34.4) |  |
 84 months + | 110 | 75 (68.2) | 35 (31.8) |  |
Number of children in a household | 0.005* | |||
 1–2 | 2429 | 1617 (66.6) | 812 (33.4) |  |
 3–4 | 2843 | 1808 (63.6) | 1035 (36.4) |  |
 5+ | 1301 | 799 (61.4) | 502 (38.6) |  |
Age (in months) of child (mean ± standard deviation) in months® | 6573 | 35.7 ± 17.7 (n = 4224) | 34.7 ± 17.6 (n = 2349) | 0.032* |
Religion | < 0.001* | |||
 Christianity | 3245 | 2400 (74.0) | 845 (26.0) |  |
 Islam | 2217 | 1194 (53.9) | 1023 (46.1) |  |
 Traditional and other religion | 718 | 403 (56.1) | 315 (43.9) |  |
 No religion | 393 | 227 (57.8) | 166 (42.2) |  |
Mother’s age | 0.339 | |||
 15–19 | 72 | 38 (52.8) | 34 (47.2) |  |
 20–24 | 1044 | 671 (64.3) | 373 (35.7) |  |
 25–29 | 2093 | 1340 (64.0) | 753 (36.0) |  |
 30–34 | 1606 | 1057 (65.8) | 549 (34.1) |  |
 35–39 | 1082 | 686 (63.4) | 396 (36.6) |  |
 40–44 | 476 | 300 (63.0) | 176 (37.0) |  |
 45–49 | 200 | 132 (66.0) | 68 (34.0) |  |
Mother’s education | < 0.001* | |||
 No education | 4595 | 2769 (60.3) | 1826 (39.7) |  |
 Primary | 1112 | 774 (69.6) | 338 (30.4) |  |
 Secondary | 782 | 606 (77.5) | 176 (22.5) |  |
 Tertiary | 84 | 75 (89.3) | 9 (10.7) |  |
Frequency of reading newspaper or magazine by mothers | < 0.001* | |||
 Not at all | 6270 | 3993 (63.7) | 2277 (36.3) |  |
 Less than once a week | 186 | 141 (75.8) | 45 (24.2) |  |
 At least once a week | 117 | 90 (76.9) | 27 (23.1) |  |
Frequency of listening to radio by mothers | < 0.001* | |||
 Not at all | 2927 | 1649 (56.3) | 1278 (43.7) |  |
 Less than once a week | 1392 | 1026 (73.7) | 366 (26.3) |  |
 At least once a week | 2254 | 1549 (68.7) | 705 (31.3) |  |
Frequency of watching television by mothers | < 0.001* | |||
 Not at all | 4376 | 2614 (59.7) | 1762 (40.3) |  |
 Less than once a week | 752 | 752 (71.7) | 297 (28.3) |  |
 At least once a week | 858 | 858 (74.7) | 290 (25.3) |  |
Mother’s marital status | 0.013* | |||
 Never in union | 65 | 51 (78.5) | 14 (21.5) |  |
 Currently in union/living with a man | 6303 | 4030 (63.9) | 2273 (36.1) |  |
 Formerly in union/living with a man | 205 | 143 (69.8) | 62 (30.2) |  |
Mother’s employment status | < 0.001* | |||
 Employed | 5547 | 3648 (65.7) | 1899 (34.2) |  |
 Unemployed | 1026 | 576 (56.1) | 450 (43.9) |  |