Table 2 Anthropometric measures of the studied groups and leptin levels

Maternal body mass index

Mean ± SD

33.22 ± 1.33

33.25 ± 1.32

0.091

0.927

NS

Range

31 − 35

31 − 35

Gestational weight gain (kg)

Mean ± SD

12.22 ± 1.81

18.03 ± 3.25

9.481

0.000

HS

Range

9 − 15

12 − 23

Gestational age (weeks)

Mean ± SD

36.67 ± 2.75

36.80 ± 2.65

0.215

0.830

NS

Range

26 − 39

26 − 39

Length (cm)

Mean ± SD

48.39 ± 3.74

48.38 ± 3.56

-0.017

0.987

NS

Range

44 − 57

44 − 57

Birth weight (kg)

Mean ± SD

3.57 ± 0.35

4.02 ± 0.32

5.780

0.000

HS

Range

3 − 4.2

3.4 − 4.5

Newborn body mass index

Mean ± SD

15.69 ± 2.24

17.45 ± 2.36

3.328

0.001

HS

Range

11.1 − 18.8

12.9 − 20.4

Biceps (mm)

Mean ± SD

4.53 ± 0.35

6.08 ± 0.55

14.371

0.000

HS

Range

3.8 − 5

5.1 − 7

Triceps (mm)

Mean ± SD

5.13 ± 0.46

6.30 ± 0.77

7.918

0.000

HS

Range

4.1 − 6

4.1 − 7.4

Thigh (mm)

Mean ± SD

6.91 ± 0.54

8.49 ± 0.60

11.967

0.000

HS

Range

6 − 7.9

7.4 − 9.5

Subscapular (mm)

Mean ± SD

6.58 ± 1.38

7.72 ± 1.67

3.211

0.002

HS

Range

5 − 9.5

5.9 − 11

Average SC fat (mm)

Mean ± SD

5.79 ± 0.51

7.14 ± 0.74

9.229

0.000

HS

Range

5.09 − 6.75

5.95 − 8.5

Fat mass %

Mean ± SD

9.27 ± 2.16

11.85 ± 2.30

5.014

0.000

HS

Range

6.36 − 12.8

8.3 − 14.99

Maternal leptin ng/ml

Mean ± SD

20.19 ± 4.14

44.64 ± 10.88

12.670

0.000

HS

Range

13 − 28.5

27 − 65

Cord leptin ng/ml

Mean ± SD

11.78 ± 3.63

35.37 ± 11.14

12.124

0.000

HS