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Table 3 Gestational age, infection timing, and clinical characteristics of COVID-19-positive mothers and neonates

From: COVID-19 during pregnancy should we really worry from vertical transmission or rather from fetal hypoxia and placental insufficiency? A systematic review

Maternal manifestations among COVID-19-positive mothers (n = 1787) (n/%)

Newborn manifestations among COVID-19-positive neonates (n/%)

Sample time (n/%)

GA in COVID-19-positive neonates (n/%)

Trimester of acquiring infection in COVID-19-positive mothers (n/%)

Asymptomatic (219/12%)

Respiratory manifestations:

-Cough (934/52.2%)

-Dyspnoea (417/23.3%)

-Respiratory support needed (130/7%)

-Expectoration (1/0.05%)

-Sore throat (44/2.4%)

-Minor symptoms (124/7%)

-Critical symptoms (35/2%)

-Rhinorrhoea (20/1%)

-Chest pain (2/0.1%))

GIT manifestations:

-Diarrhea (78/4.4%)

-Abdominal pain (2/0.1%)

-Vomiting (41/2.2%)

CNS manifestations:

-Limb asthenia (1/0.05%)

-Anosmia (180)

-Lethargy (76/4.3%)

-Dysgeusia (1/0.05%)

-Headache (60/3.3%)

Others:

- Fever (951/53%)

-Myalgia & joint pain (56/3%)

-Back pain (2/0.1%)

-Tachycardia (1/0.05%)

-Tachypnea (1/0.05%)

Asymptomatic (11/24%)

Respiratory manifestations (8/17%)

-Pneumonia (4/8%)

-Intubated (2/4%)

- Ventilated (1/2%)

-Cough (1/2%)

CNS manifestations (3/7%)

-Irritability (1/2%)

-Axial hypertonia and opisthotonus (1/2%)

-Neonatal encephalopathy (1/2%)

Feeding disorders and GERD (7/15%)

Evidence of intrauterine fetal asphyxia: (9/20%)

-Meconium-stained liquor (3/7%)

- Suboptimal cardiotocography: Fetal late heart deceleration/fetal bradycardia

(6/14%)

-IUGR (3/7%)

Others: (6/13%)

-Myocardial dysfunction/cardiogenic shock (2/4%)

-Hypoglycaemia (1/2%)

-Fever (2/4%)

-Diarrhea (1/2%)

Not reported (14/31%)

Less than 12 h (19 /42%)

< 24 h and > 12 h (7 /16%)

After 24 h (5 /11%)

Not reported (14/31%)

Not reported (26 /57.8%)

Preterm and IUGR

(3/7%)

24 W (1/2.2%)

34 W (1/2.2%)

35 W (1/2.2%)

Full term

(16/35%)

36 W (4/8.9%)

37 W (2/4.4%)

38 W (6 /13.3%)

39 W (2/4.4%)

40 W (2/4.4%)

1st trimester (46/3%)

2nd trimester (273/16%)

3rd trimester (1313/73%)

Not reported (155/8%)

There is overlap of manifestations

Total: 45 COVID-19-positive neonates

Total: 1787 COVID-19 mothers

  1. Abbreviations: COVID-19 Coronaviridae, CNS central nervous system, GA gestational age, GERD gastroesophageal reflux, IUGR intrauterine growth retardation, NB evidence of fetal hypoxia was defined in the table as IUGR, meconium staining of newborn, and IUGR