Table 1 Socio-demographic and obstetric health characteristics of participants (n = 2611)
Variables | Category | N (%) | LBW, n (%) | χ2 (p) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Mother age (years) | < 20 | 736 (28.19) | 192 (26.09) | 12.873 (p < 0.01) |
20 29 | 1725 (66.07) | 340 (19.71) | ||
≥ 30 | 150 (5.74) | 29 (19.33) | ||
Mother height (cm) | < 150 | 770 (29.49) | 195 (25.32) | 9.539 (p < 0.01) |
≥ 150 | 1841 (70.51) | 366 (19.88) | ||
Mother weight (kg) | < 45 | 986 (37.76) | 300 (30.43) | 75.058 (p < 0.001) |
≥ 45 | 1625 (62.24) | 261 (16.06) | ||
Mother BMI (kg/m2) | < 18.5 | 782 (29.95) | 224 (28.64) | 42.697 (p < 0.001) |
18.5-24.99 | 1548 (59.29) | 304 (19.64) | ||
> 25 | 281 (10.76) | 33 (11.74) | ||
Hemoglobin level (g/dl) | < 12 | 1658 (63.5) | 452 (27.26) | 89.828 (p < 0.001) |
≥ 12 | 953 (36.5) | 109 (11.44) | ||
Mother BP | Hypotension | 947 (36.27) | 209 (22.07) | 13.523 (p < 0.01) |
Normotension | 1484 (56.84) | 295 (19.88) | ||
Hypertension | 180 (6.89) | 57 (31.67) | ||
Gestational period | < 37 weeks | 391 (14.98) | 132 (33.76) | 41.065 (p < 0.001) |
≥ 37 weeks | 2220 (85.02) | 429 (19.32) | ||
Parity | Primiparous | 1536 (58.83) | 353 (22.98) | 10.623 (p < 0.01) |
Pauciparous | 885 (33.9) | 159 (17.97) | ||
Multiparous | 190 (7.28) | 49 (25.79) | ||
Inter-pregnancy interval | < 2 year | 369 (14.13) | 85 (23.04) | 0.611 (p > 0.05) |
> 2 year | 2242 (85.87) | 476 (21.23) | ||
History of chronic medical illness | Yes | 144 (5.52) | 55 (38.19) | 25.221 (p < 0.001) |
No | 2467 (94.48) | 506 (20.51) | ||
Illness during current pregnancy | Yes | 170 (6.51) | 47 (27.65) | 4.092 (p < 0.05) |
No | 2441 (93.49) | 514 (21.06) | ||
Dietary counseling during pregnancy | Yes | 1953 (74.8) | 398 (20.38) | 5.631 (p < 0.05) |
No | 658 (25.2) | 163 (24.77) | ||
Additional diet during pregnancy | Yes | 1683 (64.46) | 333 (19.79) | 8.111 (p < 0.01) |
No | 928 (35.54) | 228 (24.57) | ||
Hard physical work during pregnancy | Yes | 305 (11.68) | 91 (29.84) | 14.273 (p < 0.001) |
No | 2306 (88.32) | 470 (20.38) | ||
Addition habit | Yes | 67 (2.57) | 16 (23.88) | 0.234 (p > 0.05) |
No | 2544 (97.43) | 545 (21.42) | ||
Alcohol intake during pregnancy | Yes | 34 (1.3) | 8 (23.53) | 0.085 (p > 0.05) |
No | 2577 (98.7) | 553 (21.46) | ||
Fertility desire | Yes | 275 (10.53) | 61 (22.18) | 0.088 (p > 0.05) |
No | 2336 (89.47) | 500 (21.4) | ||
Iron folic acid tablet consumption | No | 397 (15.2) | 127 (31.99) | 30.621 (p < 0.001) |
Yes | 2214 (84.8) | 434 (19.6) | ||
No. of iron folic acid tablet consumption | < 100 | 1239 (47.45) | 334 (26.96) | 41.84 (p < 0.001) |
≥ 100 | 1372 (52.55) | 227 (16.55) | ||
ANC follow-up status | No | 180 (6.89) | 50 (27.78) | 4.537 (p < 0.05) |
Yes | 2431 (93.11) | 511 (21.02) | ||
No. of ANC visit | < 3 | 597 (22.86) | 154 (25.8) | 8.521 (p < 0.01) |
≥ 3 | 2014 (77.14) | 407 (20.21) | ||
Time of 1st ANC visit | 1st trimester | 1684 (64.5) | 345 (20.49) | 2.948 (p > 0.05) |
2nd trimester | 851 (32.59) | 197 (23.15) | ||
3rd trimester | 76 (2.91) | 19 (25) | ||
Child sex | Male | 1330 (50.9) | 275 (20.68) | 1.053 (p > 0.05) |
Female | 1281 (49.1) | 286 (22.33) | ||
Residence | Rural | 2154 (82.5) | 488 (22.66) | 9.978 (p < 0.01) |
Urban | 457 (17.5) | 73 (15.97) | ||
Religion | Hindu | 2357 (90.27) | 513 (21.76) | 1.117 (p > 0.05) |
Muslim | 254 (9.73) | 48 (18.9) | ||
Cast | General | 2129 (81.54) | 416 (19.54) | 25.9 (p < 0.001) |
SC/ST | 482 (18.46) | 145 (30.08) | ||
Educational status of father | Illiterate/ able to sign | 318 (12.18) | 100 (31.45) | 21.338 (p < 0.001) |
Primary | 1129 (43.24) | 229 (20.28) | ||
Secondary or above | 1164 (44.58) | 232 (19.93) | ||
Educational status of mother | Illiterate/ able to sign | 272 (10.42) | 80 (29.41) | 13.399 (p < 0.01) |
Primary | 1297 (49.67) | 281 (21.67) | ||
Secondary or above | 1042 (39.91) | 200 (19.19) | ||
Father occupation | Laborers/cultivator | 1722 (65.95) | 406 (23.58) | 13.111 (p < 0.001) |
Business/service | 889 (34.05) | 155 (17.44) | ||
Mother occupation | Cultivator | 262 (10.03) | 81 (30.92) | 15.505 (p < 0.001) |
Housewife | 2228 (85.33) | 457 (20.51) | ||
Service | 121 (4.63) | 23 (19.01) | ||
Housing condition | Kanch | 996 (38.15) | 232 (23.29) | 3.122 (p > 0.05) |
Semi pacca | 631 (24.17) | 128 (20.29) | ||
Pacca | 984 (37.69) | 201 (20.43) | ||
Availability of latrine | No | 350 (13.4) | 108 (30.86) | 21.04 (p < 0.001) |
Yes | 2261 (86.6) | 453 (20.04) | ||
Income (Rs) | < 1000 | 673 (25.78) | 171 (25.41) | 10.116 (p < 0.01) |
1000-3000 | 1630 (62.43) | 337 (20.67) | ||
> 3000 | 308 (11.8) | 53 ()17.21 | ||
Family size | ≤ 4 | 1172 (44.89) | 263 (22.44) | 1.148 (p > 0.05) |
> 4 | 1439 (55.11) | 298 (20.71) | ||
Socioeconomic status | Lower/upper lower | 1241 (47.53) | 294 (23.69) | 15.509 (p < 0.001) |
Middle/lower middle | 940 (36) | 204 (21.7) | ||
Upper/upper middle | 430 (16.47) | 63 (14.65) |